By

Definition

By is a preposition, adverb, and occasionally a noun. As a preposition, it is used to indicate proximity, agency, or method. As an adverb, it can mean near or past. As a noun (archaic), it referred to something aside or secondary.

Parts of Speech

• Preposition
• Adverb
• Noun (archaic)

Pronunciation

American English

• IPA Pronunciation: /baɪ/
• Respelling: BYE

British English

• IPA Pronunciation: /baɪ/
• Respelling: BYE

Etymology

The word "by" comes from Old English "be," meaning "near" or "by the side of." It is related to the Old Norse "bij," Old High German "bi," and Gothic "bi," all denoting proximity or a relationship.

Derivatives

• Byway (noun)
• Bypass (noun/verb)
• Byline (noun)
• Byproduct (noun)
• Bygone (adjective/noun)

Synonyms

• Near
• Alongside
• Via

Antonyms

• Away
• Apart
• Separate

Usage

The term "by" is widely used to indicate proximity, method, or agency. For example, "The book was written by an expert," or "They passed by the old house."

Related Terms

• Beside: Next to or adjacent to.
• Near: Close to in distance.
• Through: Moving in one side and out the other.

Detailed Definitions

Preposition

• Indicating the agent performing an action: Used to denote who or what is responsible for an action.
  • Example: "The painting was created by a famous artist."
• Indicating proximity or location: Used to show nearness or position next to something.
  • Example: "She stood by the window."
• Indicating method or means: Describes how something is accomplished.
  • Example: "He traveled by car."

Adverb

• Passing close or near: Used to indicate movement past or alongside something.
  • Example: "They drove by the old monument."

Noun (archaic)

• Something secondary or incidental: An archaic usage referring to a secondary or peripheral item.
  • Example: "They focused on the main points and ignored the bys."