Reference

Definition

The term "reference" denotes (1) a mention or citation of a source of information, (2) something that directs the reader or listener to additional facts, or (3) a person or document that can attest to someone’s character or qualifications. As a verb, it means to cite, mention, or direct attention to a source.

Parts of Speech

• Noun
• Verb

Pronunciation

American English

• IPA Pronunciation: /ˈrɛf(ə)rən(t)s/
• Respelling: REF‑ə‑rənss

British English

• IPA Pronunciation: /ˈrɛf(ə)rəns/
• Respelling: REF‑ə‑rəns

Etymology

"Reference" entered English in the late 14th century from Middle French référence, ultimately deriving from Latin referentia—re‑ “back” + ferre “to carry.” The original sense was “act of referring.”

Derivatives

• Referential (adjective)
• Referent (noun)
• Referencing (noun / present participle)
• Cross‑reference (noun / verb)
• Referenced (adjective / past participle)

Synonyms

• Citation
• Mention
• Source
• Allusion

Antonyms

• Omission
• Ignorance
• Disregard

Usage

"Reference" appears widely in academic writing, professional documentation, and everyday speech. Examples: "Include a full list of references at the end of the paper," or "The article references several landmark studies."

Related Terms

• Citation: A formally formatted reference to a source.
• Bibliography: A systematic list of sources consulted.
• Refer: To direct attention to something for information.

Detailed Definitions

Noun

• A citation or source of information: Indicates where data or ideas originated.
  • Example: "Every factual claim must have a reference."
• A mention or allusion: A brief indirect pointer to another topic or work.
  • Example: "The movie contains several references to classical mythology."
• A person who can vouch for someone’s abilities or character:
  • Example: "Applicants must provide two professional references."
• An identifier directing to related material (e.g., code, documentation):
  • Example: "Use the document ID as a reference when filing a request."

Verb

• To cite or mention a source: Used in scholarly and technical contexts.
  • Example: "The report references data from the latest census."
• To direct attention to another place for information:
  • Example: "See Figure 2 for the diagram referenced in the text."